Diseases of the Large Intestine

The large intestine is the final section of the digestive system, following the small intestine, and is approximately 1.5 meters long. Its main functions include the absorption of water and electrolytes, storage of indigestible food residues, and formation of stool. The healthy functioning of the large intestine is vital for the body’s regular and effective elimination of waste products. Various factors can affect the large intestine, leading to the development of different diseases.

Diseases of the Large Intestine

Constipation:
Constipation is defined as a decrease in the frequency of bowel movements, difficulty passing hard stool, or a sensation of incomplete evacuation. Slow movement of the large intestine causes excessive water absorption from the stool, leading to constipation.

• Causes: Insufficient fiber intake, inadequate fluid consumption, sedentary lifestyle, side effects of certain medications, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases, hormonal changes, and some neurological conditions can cause constipation. Searches like “fiber-rich foods” and “water intake” indicate users commonly look for preventive methods.
• Symptoms: Infrequent bowel movements, hard and dry stool, straining during defecation, abdominal pain, bloating, and a feeling of incomplete evacuation are the most common symptoms. Searches such as “abdominal bloating and constipation” suggest users frequently research this symptom combination.
• Management Strategies: Management depends on the underlying cause. High-fiber diet, adequate fluid intake, regular exercise, and establishing consistent toilet habits are usually the first steps. Stool softeners or laxatives may be used under medical supervision.

Diarrhea:
Diarrhea is characterized by more frequent and watery stools than normal. It occurs when the large intestine moves too quickly, preventing adequate water absorption from the stool.

• Causes: Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food poisoning, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases, side effects of certain medications, and lactose intolerance can cause diarrhea. Searches such as “food poisoning symptoms” show users often research possible causes.
• Symptoms: Frequent watery stools, abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever are common symptoms. Prolonged or severe diarrhea may cause dehydration. Searches like “watery diarrhea and abdominal pain” reflect user interest in this symptom combination.
• Management Strategies: The most important aspect of managing diarrhea is replacing lost fluids and electrolytes. Drinking plenty of fluids, oral rehydration solutions, and symptomatic treatments under medical advice are recommended. Antimicrobial therapy may be necessary in infection-related diarrhea.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):
IBS is a chronic functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or mixed). Despite the absence of structural abnormalities, it can significantly affect the quality of life.

• Symptoms: Abdominal pain (which may improve or worsen with defecation), bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation, or alternating bowel habits are the most common symptoms. Searches such as “abdominal pain and bloating” indicate users research these main issues.
• Diagnosis: IBS is diagnosed based on specific symptom criteria such as the Rome criteria and by excluding other organic causes. Searches like “IBS test” suggest users seek information on diagnostic processes.
• Improving Quality of Life: Management focuses on symptom relief. Dietary changes (such as a low FODMAP diet), stress management techniques, and certain medications (antispasmodics, fiber supplements, antidepressants) under medical supervision can be used. Searches like “diet for IBS” emphasize the importance of nutrition.

Diverticulitis:
Diverticula are small pouch-like protrusions in the wall of the large intestine. Diverticulosis refers to the presence of these diverticula and is usually asymptomatic. Diverticulitis occurs when these diverticula become inflamed or infected.

• Symptoms: The most common symptoms include sudden severe pain in the lower left abdomen, fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea. Searches such as “abdominal pain and fever” indicate users investigate these potential symptoms.
• Causes: Although the exact cause is not fully known, a low-fiber diet is thought to contribute by increasing pressure inside the colon leading to diverticula formation. Blockage and bacterial overgrowth can cause inflammation.
• Management: Acute diverticulitis attacks are usually treated with antibiotics and a liquid diet. Severe cases may require hospitalization and surgery. Searches like “nutrition for diverticulitis” show the role of diet in preventing attacks.

Colorectal Cancer:
Colorectal cancer includes malignant tumors developing in the colon and rectum. Early stages often show no symptoms, making screening essential.

• Symptoms: In advanced stages, changes in bowel habits (diarrhea or constipation), rectal bleeding, blood in stool, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue, and unexplained anemia may occur. Searches such as “blood in stool” and “weight loss” suggest users research these warning signs.
• Risk Factors: Age, family history of colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, history of polyps, obesity, smoking, and diets high in red and processed meat are risk factors.
• Screening Methods: Colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), and sigmoidoscopy are vital for early detection. Searches like “how is colonoscopy done” indicate user interest in this screening method.

Diagnostic Methods for Large Intestine Diseases

Diagnosis is made through a detailed patient history, physical examination, and evaluation of various diagnostic tests. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for starting appropriate treatment and preventing disease progression. Common diagnostic methods include:

• Patient History and Physical Examination: The doctor learns about symptoms, duration, family history, and overall health. The abdomen is examined physically.
• Blood Tests: To assess anemia, infection, or inflammation markers.
• Stool Tests: To detect blood, inflammation markers, or infectious agents.
• Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera inserted through the anus to directly view the inner surface of the colon. Biopsies can be taken if needed.
• Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to colonoscopy but examines only the last part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum.
• Virtual Colonoscopy (CT Colonography): Uses CT scans processed with special software to create 3D images of the colon.
• Barium X-ray: Uses contrast material given orally or rectally to enhance X-ray images of the colon.
• Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography (CT): Help evaluate other abdominal organs and possible abnormalities in the colon wall.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provides detailed images especially useful in inflammatory bowel diseases and rectal conditions.

Supporting Large Intestine Health and Preventing Diseases

To protect large intestine health and reduce disease risk, the following measures can be taken:

• Fiber-rich Diet: Consuming vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes regulates bowel movements and prevents constipation.
• Adequate Fluid Intake: Drinking enough water daily helps keep stool soft.
• Regular Exercise: Physical activity stimulates bowel movements and improves overall health.
• Healthy Weight: Obesity can increase the risk of some large intestine diseases.
• Limiting Red and Processed Meat: Excessive consumption may increase colorectal cancer risk.
• Quitting Smoking and Alcohol: These substances can adversely affect digestive health.
• Regular Screening: Especially important for individuals with risk factors or above a certain age to participate in colorectal cancer screening programs.

Disclaimer:
All content on this site is for informational purposes only and is based on scientific sources valid at the time of preparation. For any symptoms, diagnosis, or treatment-related health issues, please consult your physician or authorized health institution directly.