Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is an endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that allows detailed visualization of the inner lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Using a flexible instrument called a colonoscope, equipped with a camera and light source at its tip, the device is inserted through the anus to closely examine the interior of the intestines.
Colonoscopy is of great importance for early diagnosis, monitoring of intestinal diseases, and in some cases treatment. It is also used as an effective method for colorectal cancer screening.
Why is Colonoscopy Performed?
Colonoscopy is typically performed for diagnostic and evaluation purposes in the following situations:
- Prolonged constipation or diarrhea
- Presence of blood in the stool
- Unexplained abdominal pain
- Weight loss and loss of appetite
- Anemia
- Changes in bowel habits
- Family history of colon cancer
- Suspicion of polyps or tumors
- Monitoring of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease
Colonoscopy can also be used for the removal of polyps, taking biopsies, and stopping bleeding.
How is Colonoscopy Performed?
Colonoscopy is usually performed by a gastroenterologist or general surgeon. Before the procedure, the bowel must be completely cleaned. Therefore, the patient receives a special diet and laxatives beforehand.
Procedure Steps:
- The patient is sedated or given light anesthesia to relax.
- The colonoscope is inserted through the anus and the entire colon is examined.
- Biopsies may be taken or polyps removed if needed.
- The procedure takes approximately 20–45 minutes.
Preparation for Colonoscopy
The success of the colonoscopy is directly related to bowel cleanliness. Therefore, the following preparations are important:
| Preparation Step | Description |
|---|---|
| Medication Use | Blood thinners, iron supplements, insulin, and other medications should be reported to the doctor. |
| Diet | A low-fiber, residue-free diet is recommended 2–3 days before. Only clear liquids on the day before the procedure. |
| Bowel Cleansing | Laxatives prescribed by the doctor are taken. |
| Fasting | No food or drink at least 8 hours before the procedure. |
Who Should Have a Colonoscopy?
Colonoscopy is especially recommended for colorectal cancer screening in individuals over 50 years of age. In certain risk groups, it may be performed earlier or more frequently.
Recommended for:
- Everyone over 50 years (for screening)
- Those with a family history of colon or rectal cancer
- People with genetic polyposis syndromes
- Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
- Individuals with positive occult blood tests
- Patients with iron deficiency anemia
Diseases Detectable by Colonoscopy
| Disease / Condition | Description |
|---|---|
| Colon Cancer | Malignant tumor of the large intestine |
| Polyps | Usually benign growths that may become cancerous |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Inflammatory disease of the colon |
| Crohn’s Disease | Inflammatory disease affecting any part of the digestive tract |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of small pouches in the intestinal wall |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Functional bowel disorder |
| Sources of Bleeding | Detection of hidden or visible intestinal bleeding |
Frequency and Follow-Up of Colonoscopy
The frequency depends on age, medical history, and colonoscopy findings:
| Condition | Recommended Interval for Colonoscopy |
|---|---|
| Over 50 years, normal first colonoscopy | Every 10 years |
| Family history of colon cancer | Every 5 years or sooner |
| Previous polyp removal | Every 3–5 years |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Every 1–2 years |
Post-Colonoscopy Care
- Patients are monitored for a few hours after and usually discharged the same day.
- Mild abdominal pain, gas, and bloating are normal.
- If sedated, avoid driving for 24 hours.
- If biopsies or polyp removal were performed, results take 3–7 days.
- Contact your doctor immediately if you experience severe pain, fever, or bleeding.
Frequently Asked Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Is colonoscopy painful? | Usually performed under light sedation; pain is rare. |
| When will results be available? | Visual findings are immediate; biopsy results take 3–7 days. |
| What if polyps are found? | They are removed during the procedure and sent for analysis. |
| When can I return to work? | Rest is recommended for 24 hours after sedation. |
| Can colonoscopy prevent cancer? | Removing polyps greatly reduces cancer risk. |
Differences Between Colonoscopy and Endoscopy
| Feature | Colonoscopy | Endoscopy (Gastroscopy) |
|---|---|---|
| Area Examined | Colon and rectum | Esophagus, stomach, duodenum |
| Entry Point | Anus | Mouth |
| Preparation | Bowel cleansing | Fasting |
| Duration | 20–45 minutes | 10–20 minutes |
| Common Uses | Cancer screening, polyp control | Reflux, gastritis, ulcers |
Colonoscopy is a safe and effective method essential for the early diagnosis and treatment of colon and rectal diseases. It plays a critical role in preventing colon cancer by detecting and removing polyps before they turn malignant.
It is very important that individuals over 50 do not skip recommended colorectal cancer screenings. Those with bowel complaints or a family history of colon cancer may need earlier screenings.
All content on this site is for informational purposes only and is based on scientific sources available at the time of preparation. For any health concerns, diagnosis, or treatment, please consult your doctor or authorized healthcare provider directly.