Breast tissue is sensitive to hormonal changes, trauma, and microorganisms. As a result, various infections and inflammatory diseases can develop. Mastitis, which commonly occurs in the postpartum period, is the most frequent infectious condition of the breast. However, inflammatory diseases may also be seen outside the breastfeeding period. Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment of infections are crucial to prevent complications.
What Is a Breast Infection?
A breast infection is the inflammation of breast tissue caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms. The most common causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus, and the infection usually enters through the nipple and spreads to the milk ducts.
Common Types of Breast Infections
| Disease | Description | Common Timing | Causative Agent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Puerperal Mastitis | Infection of the breast occurring during breastfeeding | Frequently in the first 6 weeks | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Breast Abscess | Condition involving pus accumulation due to advanced infection | Advanced stage of mastitis | Bacterial (mostly Staphylococcus) |
| Periductal Mastitis | Inflammation of the milk ducts; occurs in non-breastfeeding women | Non-lactating period | Anaerobic bacteria |
| Granulomatous Mastitis | Chronic, nonspecific, autoimmune-related inflammatory disease | Young, fertile women | Unclear (possibly autoimmune) |
| Subareolar Abscess | Recurrent infection and abscess under the nipple | Recurrent | Mixed flora |
| Tuberculous Mastitis | Rare; localization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the breast | In infected individuals | Tuberculosis bacillus |
Symptoms
Breast infections typically present with distinct clinical symptoms. The most common symptoms include:
- Pain and tenderness in the breast
- Redness and warmth
- Swelling and hardness
- Pus-like discharge from the nipple
- Fever and fatigue (especially in mastitis)
- Pain during breastfeeding
- Abscess formation (pus accumulation) on the skin
Diagnostic Methods
Correct diagnosis is essential to determine the treatment plan based on the type and extent of the infection.
| Diagnostic Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| Physical Examination | Preliminary diagnosis based on clinical findings |
| Breast Ultrasound | Evaluates the presence and spread of abscess |
| Blood Tests (CRP, Leukocytes) | Checks inflammation levels |
| Culture Test | Identifies bacteria from discharge sample |
| Biopsy | May be necessary in suspected chronic cases to rule out malignancy |
Risk Factors
Factors contributing to the development of breast infections include:
- Cracks in the nipple during breastfeeding
- Inadequate breast emptying (milk retention)
- Nipple piercing
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system
- Blockage in the milk ducts
- Hormonal imbalances
Treatment Methods
Different treatment approaches are used depending on the type and severity of the infection.
Medication
| Type of Medication | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Antibiotics | Eliminate bacterial infections |
| Anti-inflammatories | Reduce pain and inflammation |
| Antifungal agents | Used in fungal infections |
Surgical Intervention
- Needle aspiration: May be used for small abscesses
- Open drainage: Required for larger abscesses
- Mass excision: May be necessary in chronic inflammations or tuberculous mastitis
Additional Supportive Measures
- Continuing breastfeeding (to ensure milk flow during mastitis)
- Warm compresses
- Frequent breast emptying
- Attention to hygiene
Mastitis During Breastfeeding: A Special Case
Mastitis during breastfeeding is common in the first weeks after delivery. Continuing to breastfeed is generally recommended, as it helps empty the milk ducts and prevents the infection from worsening. However, if an abscess develops, surgical drainage may be required.
Differential Diagnosis in Chronic Infections
Some infections can clinically mimic breast cancer. Therefore, differential diagnosis through biopsy is required in the following situations:
| Clinical Condition | Disease Requiring Differential Diagnosis |
|---|---|
| Persistent mass and pain | Granulomatous mastitis vs. breast cancer |
| Skin thickening and color change | Inflammatory breast cancer |
| Recurrent subareolar abscess | Nipple duct ectasia or ductal carcinoma |
Prevention and Protection
- Frequent emptying of the breasts during breastfeeding
- Early treatment of nipple cracks
- Hygienic breastfeeding practices
- Avoiding trauma to the nipple
- Smoking cessation
- Regular check-ups and early diagnosis
Frequently Asked Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Can I continue breastfeeding if I have mastitis? | Yes, in most cases, continuing to breastfeed is recommended. |
| What happens if mastitis is not treated? | The infection may turn into an abscess and pose a risk of systemic spread. |
| Is granulomatous mastitis cancer? | No, it is a benign chronic inflammation but may be confused with cancer. |
| Can mastitis recur? | Yes, especially if there are incorrect breastfeeding techniques or poor hygiene. |
Breast infections and inflammatory diseases are common in women of childbearing age and can reduce quality of life. Early diagnosis, effective treatment, and careful follow-up can prevent serious complications. Chronic cases require detailed investigations and a multidisciplinary approach for differential diagnosis. It is important to remember that not every inflammatory condition is cancer, but none should be neglected without expert evaluation.
Disclaimer:
All content on this site is for informational purposes only and is based on scientific resources valid at the time of publication. For any symptoms, diagnoses, or treatments related to health, please consult your physician or a qualified healthcare institution directly.